Physical Setting

India as a Geographical Unit

India's location, size, time zone, political units, maritime zones, and strategic geopolitical position in South Asia.

Rock System — Geological History of India

India's geological evolution from Archean basement rocks through Gondwana coal beds to Deccan Traps — the foundation of its mineral wealth.

Plate Tectonics and India's Physical Origins

Mineral and Energy Resources of India

India's minerals (coal, iron ore, bauxite, mica, thorium) and energy — coal belt distribution, Mumbai High, nuclear three-stage programme, 100 GW solar, Bhadla Park, critical minerals, lithium in J&K.

Agriculture and Agro-Climatic Zones of India

India's agriculture — ICAR's 15 agro-climatic zones, kharif/rabi/zaid seasons, major crops (rice, wheat, millets, jute, tea, coffee, spices), irrigation types, Green Revolution legacy, and key schemes (PMKSY, PM-KISAN, e-NAM).

Economic Geography of India

India's Land Borders — Physical Geography and Geopolitics

Northeast India — Geography, Ecology and Strategic Significance

Population Geography of India

Urbanisation and Human Settlements in India

Tribes of India

UNESCO World Heritage Sites & India's Cultural Geography

GIS, Remote Sensing, and Spatial Planning in India

GIS, remote sensing, and spatial planning — ISRO satellites, NavIC, Bhuvan, NISAR, Svamitva drones, National Geospatial Policy 2022, AI in crop/flood/landslide mapping, UPSC Mains 2025 topic.